Today we will continue to get you acquainted with core mathematics for Forex traders. In the first part of the article we considered a number of important but simple mathematical formulas, required for assessment of trading efficiency in the Forex currency market. In the second part we will complete the review, which would help you to make a significant step on the way to success.
In this article:
- Maximum drawdown;
- Risk of ruin;
- Profit Factor;
- R Multiples;
- Resume.
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MAXIMUM DRAWDOWN
Being traders we should understand that loss-making trades are inevitable and, even more than that, they are a natural part of trading. That is why it is important for each trader to know what the maximum drawdown of his trading system is. Having calculated it on the basis of the data available, a trader would know what maximum size of losses he should expect in future.
The maximum drawdown is a maximum loss of a trading capital for a certain period of time. In fact, it is the biggest reduction of the size of the trading capital with respect to its previous maximum size. You can start calculating the maximum drawdown as soon as the maximum historical value of the trading capital was registered.
Below is a formula of the maximum drawdown calculation:
Maximum drawdown = (Maximum capital value – Minimum capital value) / Maximum capital value.
Let’s consider an example. Let’s assume that your initial capital was USD 10,000 and then, in the result of successful trading, it grew up to USD 15,000. Later, due to some loss-making trades, the size of the trading capital reduced to USD 8,000 and then grew again up to USD 17,000.
What would be the maximum drawdown in this case? Let’s calculate it.
Максимальная просадка = $15000 – $8000 / $15000
= 46.6%.
Maximum drawdown = (USD 15,000 – USD 8,000) / USD 15,000
= 46.6%.
So, the maximum drawdown of your trading system is 46.6%.
Drawdowns very negatively influence the financial health of your trading capital, since they require a significantly higher profit for covering losses. Let’s look at the table below to understand it better:
% of capital loss
- 5
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 40
- 50
- {{content-7}}
% of profit for capital recovery
- 5.3
- 11.1
- 25
- 42.9
- 66.7
- 100
- {{content-7}}
As you can see from the table, the bigger the size of the maximum drawdown is (loss of capital), the higher the percentage of profit, required for recovery of the capital to the same level, should be. For example, a trader needs to make 100% of profit to recover 50% of loss. Namely due to this reason traders are not recommended to risk with a high capital percentage in each trade. It allows them keeping the trading capital drawdown within the limits of reason.
RISK OF RUIN
Let’s assume that the majority of retail traders either never heard about the Risk of ruin or do not quite understand its significance when they analyze risks in the Forex currency market.
The Risk of ruin is a probability of losing such a share of his trading capital by a trader, which would make it impossible to trade further. Many traders believe that the Risk of ruin means the loss of 100% of the trading capital, but it is not quite so. It could be any percentage of loss, after which further trade within the trading strategy becomes impossible.
Risk of ruin could be calculated using the following formula:
Risk of ruin – ((1 – Winning probability) / (1 + Winning probability)) ^ Capital units.
The capital units value is very simple for understanding. For example, if the size of your trading capital is USD 1,000 and you risk USD 50 in one trade, the capital units value would be 20 (USD 1,000 / USD 50).
Let’s consider the following trading strategy, which is characterized with insignificant profitability. We will use this example trying to understand how to significantly reduce its inherent Risk of ruin indicator. We take the following data:
- Winning probability: 45%;
- Profit-making to loss-making trades ratio: 1.30;
- Risk size: 5%;
- Number of trades: 300;
- Number of simulations: 1,000;
- Level of losses: 40% (the point of ruin, which was identified beforehand).
Based on these data, our trading system is characterized with the Risk of ruin at the level of 58%. But what if we want to reduce the Risk of ruin down to 2%? To achieve that we would need to regulate the risk size, since namely this indicator has the biggest influence on the final value of the Risk of ruin.
Now, we take the same initial data, except for the risk size, which we reduce from 5% down to 2.5%. Having done that you will see that the Risk of ruin reduced from 58% down to 20%. No doubt, this is an achievement, but we are still far from our goal of 2%.
Let’s come back to our calculations again and reduce the risk size down to 1.25%. What would we get? It seems like we achieved our goal this time. Our Risk of ruin is within 2%. Now, based on our calculation data, we can use the maximum risk size within 1.25 and the Risk of ruin of our trading system will not be higher than 2%.
Although, the above calculation demonstrates the concept of the Risk of ruin at the level of 2%, a trader should try to make this indicator be as close to zero as possible.
PROFIT FACTOR
Profit Factor measures profitability of a trading system or strategy. It is one of the most simple and useful indicators, relating to assessment of trading efficiency. It could be calculated in two ways:
Profit Factor = Total number of profit-making trades / Total number of loss-making trades
Profit Factor = (Winning probability x Average profit from a profit-making trade) / (Loss probability x Average loss from a loss-making trade).
Profit Factor below 1.0 means that the trading system is loss-making.
Profit Factor within 1.0-1.5 means that the trading system is relatively profitable.
Profit Factor within 1.5-2.0 means that the trading system is highly profitable.
Profit Factor above 2.0 means that the trading system is extremely profitable.
Let’s calculate the Profit Factor using the following indicators:
- Winning probability: 55%;
- Average profit from a profit-making trade: USD 500;
- Average loss from a loss-making trade: USD 350;
- Profit Factor = (0.55 x 500) / (0.45 x 350)
= 1.75
Thus, the considered trading system is characterizes with the Profit Factor 1.75, which makes it a highly profitable trading system.
Now, let’s consider another example:
- Winning probability: 45%;
- Average profit from a profit-making trade: USD 650;
- Average loss from a loss-making trade: USD 550;
- Profit Factor = (0.45 x 650) / (0.55 x 550)
= 0.97
Thus, the considered trading system is characterizes with the Profit Factor 0.97, which makes it a loss-making trading system.
R MULTIPLES
The concept of R Multiples was introduced by Dr. Van Tharp. Perhaps, the term R Multiples sounds like rocket science, but it is rather simple for understanding.
R Multiples mainly measure the risk-reward ratio in a trade. R means Risk and is marked as 1R (initial risk in a trade). We multiply R several times and get the reward size we plan to receive. Thus, the final profit could be expressed as the initial risk multiple (1R). For example, a trade with the 3R parameter means that the potential reward from this trade exceeds the risk of this trade in 3 times.
Here are several examples to make it clear:
A trade with a stop loss of 50 pips and take profit of 100 pips is 2R trade;
A trade with a stop loss of 70 pips and take profit of 210 pips is 3R trade;
A trade with a stop loss of 120 pips and take profit of 60 pips is 0.5R trade.
Combining risk-reward ratio and R Multiples, we can assess prospects of a trading setup and size of a potential reward without much effort.
However, you can use the R Multiples concept not only in individual trades. For example, using this method you can measure efficiency of trading in general, but you will need to know the risk size for each trade anyway. Let’s consider a couple of examples:
If you risk USD 500 in one trade and your profit in the end of the year is USD 20,000, the result of your trading could be expressed as 40R.
If you risk USD 125 in each trade and had reduction of the trading capital in the amount of USD 3,000 in the end of the year, your drawdown could be expressed as 12R.
RESUME
Being traders we always should improve our trading skills and this could be achieved only with application of core mathematics in trading and understanding of the risk. Now you can actually measure your skills and assess it from different perspectives.
We told you about a number of mathematical formulas, required for each trader in the Forex market. At this stage, we recommend you to start applying them in practice. The better you understand the idea of the calculations, based on these simple mathematical formulas, the higher your trading efficiency and risk management skills would be.
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